In this study, the impact of economic Sanctions on Iranian trade flow with the 73 main trading partners has been estimated over the period 2001 to 2012 by using a modified gravity model as well as two stages GMM dynamic panel data technique. To investigate the impact of economic Sanctions on Iran’s foreign trade, the Sanctions effect has been examined on Iranian trade with all trading partners. The results have shown that US unilateral Sanctions on Iran’s foreign trade has no significant effect. But Multilateral Sanctions have had a significant negative effect on Iran’s foreign trade. Impact of Sanctions on Iran’s trade with third party countries is examined in a separate model. In this section, the ability of a country to escape and evade Sanctions (a sanction busting hypothesis) has been tested. The results of estimations indicate that the unilateral Sanctions do not have a significant effect on the volume of Iranian trade with third countries. In other words, Iran has been able to limit and control the United States unilateral Sanctions by Trade expansion with third countries. But Multilateral Sanctions have had a significant negative impact on the Iran’s trade with these countries. This result confirms the hypothesis Unilateral sanction-busting for the Iran’s economy.

Set of proceedings, which one or more international actors on one or more other actors in order to accomplish target, is called sanction. Punishment of opposed side to prevent whatever is valuable for sanctioning or make them observe some norms is important. A health right has been recognized as fundamental human rights. States are responsible for their nationals’ rights. Although states aren’t responsible for health right of other country citizen, they are not allowed to damage them. Addition to numerous negative impacts of Sanctions on government policies and programs, it has influenced on Iranian citizen directly and indirectly that is against humans’ right. In this research, health right is indexed and sanction impact on Iran about each index is described.

Objective: In the face of economic Sanctions, most countries use methods to circumvent Sanctions, including the expansion of activity in the informal sector of the economy. Sanctions affect the informal economy directly and indirectly, through the formal economy and other channels. To date, various studies on the consequences of Sanctions have examined how external economic pressures affect the formal sector of the target economies. This study investigates the effect of economic Sanctions on the informal economy in Iran. This study also introduces the factors that lead economic elements to activity in the informal economy. Method: The research method in this study is the autoregression model with distributed intervals according to the significance of the variables. In order to determine the econometric model based on theoretical and empirical studies of Earley and Paxon, the variables affecting the shadow economy for estimation and The difference between the models is that in each model, the variable of Sanctions is considered in the form of the concepts of duration of Sanctions (size of Sanctions period), group Sanctions (Sanctions with cooperation of several countries and internationally), non-group Sanctions (Sanctions by one country) and number of Sanctions. The data used to estimate the size of the informal economy were extracted by exploratory factor analysis during the years 1978 to 2019. In addition to the Sanctions, other variables affecting the size of the informal economy such as per capita GDP, the ratio of loans to the private sector, liquidity, trade openness index, tax revenue, oil and gas revenue, and exchange rates have also been considered. For statistical analysis, self-explanatory econometric method with wide intervals has been used. Results: What was obtained in this study shows that different aspects of the Sanctions, including Sanctions Duration, Sanctions Count and NIGO Sender or IGO Sender, have had a significant and positive impact on the size of Iran's informal economy. Also, the results show that other variables such as exchange rate gap, tax revenue, liquidity and oil and gas income have a positive effect on informal economy and the variables of per capita GDP, openness of trade, ratio of domestic credit to private sector have significant negative impact on the informal economy. Conclusion: Sanctions hinder official imports by reducing government funding, while demand still exists in the economy. This gap between formal imports and consumer demand encourages import smuggling. Sanctions also increase inflation. Increased liquidity from cash subsidies has boosted consumer demand for goods and services, but industrial capacity and imports, which have been negatively affected by trade Sanctions, are not responding to growing consumer demand. As a result, the gap between the supply of goods and services and consumer demand pushes up the price level and increases inflation. Higher inflation rates reduce people's disposable income and encourage them to seek alternative sources of income through the informal economy. In response to the Sanctions, the Iranian government increased restrictions on the foreign exchange market and also increased the share of taxes in the annual budget. Restrictions on the foreign exchange market increase the regulatory burden and provide new rental opportunities for traders. Increasing the tax burden has a significant effect on shifting economic factors, especially small businesses, to the informal economy.

"Multilateral Sanctions" approach stresses the broad economic, military, social, transport, and the United States of America against Iran in the present paper. In this paper, the analytical method and using library resources, the Internet, and has been prepared, In response to the question paper, the main hypothesis of this paper states, " United States of America with the best strategy to boycott boycott, attempts to With the expansion of Sanctions against Iran as much as possible, The lives of people living with paralysis as the fulcrum, Tap into the power of the Iranian people by fomenting protests, Iran's behavior will change constantly through Sanctions". The findings of this study show that: 1. America Sanctions against Iran's efforts to describe the United States Global Leadership Crisis Management and; 2. Not only is the country's nuclear negotiations with Iran now, Sanctions on a stage and will be discontinued but even if the settlement of the nuclear issue will attempt to boycott boycott strategy, with changes of direction and purpose of Sanctions to impose new Sanctions on the Islamic Republic's new demands. This paper concludes that, America's policy interpretation Sanctions against Iran, along with other developments in the area of conflict between Russia and America, Dash appearance is necessary; also, Government and government-wide efforts to increase public awareness about the strategy of identifying and sanctioning the United States embargo against Iran to be considered.

In the long-run vision, the industry and mining sector is considered as the engine of continuous, stable and accelerated economic growth, but the Iranian economy has been facing exchange rate volatility over the past few decades, which has affected the industry sector. Exchange rate volatility can affect the production, investment, employment and price behavior of industrial firms from various channels. Therefore, the recognition of these channels can determine the mechanisms of the effect of exchange rate volatility on the industry sector. Accordingly, the main object of this research is analyzing the effects of exchange rate volatility on the value-added of the industry and mining sector in Iran under sanction, that the sanction is included in the research by entering the dummy variable into the model. The model is estimated using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Model for the period 1968-2017. The results of long-term estimates indicate that severe Sanctions through exchange rate volatility will have a negative and significant effect on the growth of value-added of the industry and mining sector. Also, the growth rate of capital accumulation, the growth rate of the labor force, the growth rate of bank lending facilities and the growth rate of import of capital goods in the industrial and mining sectors have positive and significant effects on the value-added of the mining and industrial sectors.

Bank guarantee is one of the important international trade means which is issued to attract trust of purchaser (beneficiary), and to guarantee seller’ s obligations. If the seller violates its obligations, purchaser will demand the amount of guarantee. Bank guarantees, basically, are issued in such a way that are payable with beneficiary’ s first demand. In some cases, however, because of Multilateral or unilateral Sanctions, beneficiary could not be paid; this is frequently experienced by Iranian banks and traders. These Sanctions based on their source that it would be an international organization or a state, would have different effects on guarantees. Sometimes Sanctions have direct effect on guarantees and sometimes it would related to basic contract, and this raises this question that, does the law which put sanction on basic contract extent to guarantees? This paper shows that Multilateral and unilateral Sanctions have different scope to enforce, and base on this condition they would prevent the payment of guarantees. Base on Sanctions regulations and their nature, they also would limit extension of guarantees even if they are only related to basic contract.

With the development of technology and the interconnection of economies, the use of unilateral Sanctions by powerful states, as a tool to exert pressure on the target country, has both increased and acquired a different function compared to the past. The most detrimental effects of unilateral Sanctions can be seen on the fundamental rights of ordinary citizens of the target countries, including the right to health and the right to access food. Thus, the question arises as to the extent of the sanctioning state’, s responsibility for the violation of such rights. This paper will study the factors influencing the increase in the impact of economic Sanctions on the sanctioned country, and will examine how, under international and human rights law, the sanctioning state can be held responsible with respect to the fundamental human rights of the sanctioned country’, s people.

Introduction: The ups and downs of regional integration and the factors affecting it in the field of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, like any other region of the world, have been considered by regional and trans-regional researchers. However, in the 1990s, the CIS project failed to meet expectations and generated widespread cooperation. Despite this situation, the leaders of the CIS, inspired by the existing mechanisms of regional integration in other parts of the world, have followed their own integration trend. Accordingly, the focus of the present article is to analyze the extent to which Multilateral parliamentarism is being mapped within the framework of the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly in the Eurasian regional integration process.  In this regard, by stating the background and background of the research, the place of Multilateral parliamentarism in the process of regional convergence, the relationship between the political system and Multilateral parliamentarism, one of the special functions of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS is to formulate model laws to facilitate the regional convergence process of the CIS is described. In addition, the lack of a parliamentary mechanism in the Eurasian Economic Union is explained. Research Question: Accordingly, the question arises that what effect does Multilateral parliamentarism in the CIS have on regional integration in the region? Research Hypothesis: In this context, using the method of comparative analysis and using library and documentary data, it is argued in the field of Eurasia that if regional integration mechanisms such as Multilateral parliamentarism in addition to greater economic prosperity in the region, to ensure the political stability of the member states, is supported by the CIS to facilitate regional integration. Methodology (and Theoretical Framework if there are): Therefore, the study of the functions of the inter-parliamentary organizations of the CIS as a complex issue requires the use of comparative methods and analysis using library and documentary data. Comparison is a useful way to identify the distinct functions of Multilateral parliamentarism in regional integration in independent states, given the characteristics of political systems and the experiences of different regions of the world. In the context of the cognition obtained from this comparison, the expectations of Multilateral parliamentarism in regional integration in different regions are adjusted or limited. Results and discussion: According to what was said, although the CIS utilizes all regional mechanisms -such as the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly- to consolidate its political systems, however, the process of influencing the inter-parliamentary assembly in the framework of Multilateral parliamentarism on regional convergence is a positive but weak facilitator. Because the process of regional integration within the framework of the CIS and the Eurasian Economic Union has taken shape in different circumstances from regional integration in Europe as follows: -Regional integration in Europe has evolved on the pervasive idea of interdependence, while in the CIS it is limited to individuals based on the economic and political interests of its members. -The democratic component of political systems, which creates and develops regional integration in Europe, is a key factor. On the other hand, prioritizing the preservation of national sovereignty in the ruling presidential and authoritarian political systems in Eurasia undermines any mechanisms arising from regional integration, such as the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly. -The success of regional integration is almost entirely possible in almost equal countries. In Eurasia, evidence suggests that repulsive power has acted as a slowing factor in advancing the regional integration process compared to the gravitational pull of the powerful Russian state in its interaction with other countries in the region. -In addition, part of the manifestations of regional convergence, such as economic interactions seen in the CIS, are left over from the Soviet Union. -Under these conditions, the modeling of Eurasia from Europe in the framework of the formation of various institutions has remained less effective in terms of form and more in terms of content and performance. -Accordingly, to pursue a policy of balance based on the facts prevailing in Eurasia on the basis of institutionalism is a logical choice not only for those who agree, but also for those who oppose skepticism in the CIS. Conclusion: Of course, the facts governing the institutional mechanisms of the CIS, including the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, do not preclude some collective benefits for its members. They maintain a certain level of symbolic unity in the post-Soviet space, which has a significant psychological impact on the elites of each country. One of the main goals of the mentioned inter-parliamentary assemblies is the integration of the member states through the creation of a single legal space. The set of interactions is assessed by the development of model laws by the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS facilitating regional integration in the form of a common legal framework for economic activity, which ultimately contributed to the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union.